Dr. Nick Nelson walks through busy Highland Hospital in Oakland, Calif., to a sixth-floor exam room, where he sees patients from around the world who say they have fled torture and violence.
Nelson, who practices internal medicine, is the medical director of the Highland Human Rights Clinic, part of the Alameda Health System. A few times each week, he and his team conduct medical evaluations of people who are seeking asylum in the United States.
The doctors listen to the patients' stories. They search for signs of trauma. They scrutinize injuries, including electrocution scars, bullet wounds and unset broken bones.
As the Trump administration looks to reduce the number of applicants for asylum, citing loopholes and fraudulent claims, this clinic — and others like it in San Diego, Los Angeles, New York and Chicago — seeks evidence that can help determine whether someone should gain asylum in the U.S.
The Highland clinic opened in 2001 as a place for asylum-seekers and refugees to get care. Five years later, the staff started offering forensic exams that aim to discern whether there is evidence of torture or abuse. Nelson, who took over as director in 2012, says his team does between 80 and 120 evaluations each year.
Nelson and his colleagues diagnose physical and psychological ailments and, in many cases, substantiate these patients' claims about how they were hurt.
Sometimes the asylum-seekers have health coverage that pays for the exams, but the county covers the cost for those who don't.
"Our job is to make sure that the asylum office understands all the medical and psychological facts about a person's case so that they can make a decision," Nelson says.
He bases his findings on an internationally recognized protocol for torture documentation.
Sometimes, Nelson says, attorneys ask him to answer specific questions, such as, "Is this burn scar consistent with a cigarette burn?" or "Are these marks on his back consistent with being beaten with PVC pipe?"
Nelson has had some medical training on what to expect to see in cases of torture. He also applies his general expertise as a doctor in knowing how to interview and examine patients, and has learned something about the countries these asylum-seekers are fleeing and the injuries they may have endured.
For example, when someone is hit with a long, stiff object, it produces a pair of parallel bruises like railroad tracks, he says.
"That's a specific thing that I didn't learn in medical school or residency," he says, "but that I have learned through taking care of a lot of people who have been tortured."
In most cases, Nelson says, he finds evidence to support the stories his patients tell him. But there are also exams that don't yield definitive evidence.
Nelson also addresses the asylum seekers' health needs, sometimes finding cases of tuberculosis or HIV that previously had gone undiagnosed. Nearly all of the patients he sees need mental health referrals, he says, because of years of torture or abuse in their native countries.
One of the patients Nelson recently treated is 60-year-old Juan Lopez Aguilar, a Maya man who fled Guatemala three years ago, saying he and been beaten and threatened off and on for nearly four decades because of his ethnicity. He feared for his life back home. Lopez Aguilar's son also was murdered in 2005 and his daughter fled because of threats, his attorney says.
"I'm worried," Lopez Aguilar tells the doctor through a translator, as he sits in the exam room. "There are a lot of gangs. They want to kill people in my community."
Nelson first examined and interviewed Lopez Aguilar earlier this spring and wrote a report corroborating the man's account for his asylum case. The legal case was first presented in 2015 but not formally filed until last year.
Lopez Aguilar, who grew up in a family of peasant farmers, tells Nelson that his community was attacked by soldiers when he was in his 20s and that his father was killed during that attack. Lopez Aguilar moved to another part of Guatemala, where he continued to be the victim of "race-based harassment, extortion and threats," Nelson says.
The man's story echoes those of other clinic patients, Nelson says, and violence and discrimination against indigenous Mayan-speaking Guatemalans is common.
Lopez Aguilar, who has worked as a dishwasher, has now returned to the clinic for a regular medical visit. He tells the doctor in his native language that he has been having severe headaches and dizziness since soon after he arrived in the U.S.
His wife and some of his children are back in Guatemala, he explains, and he can't petition to bring his wife to the States unless and until he is granted asylum. That won't be before 2020, when his court date is scheduled.
Men like Lopez Aguilar have faced increasingly tough odds since early June, when U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that gang violence and domestic abuse would no longer be considered grounds for granting asylum.
To be eligible for asylum, applicants must prove they face physical violence, or fear it, based on factors such as race, ethnicity or religion.
Even before the Trump administration's recent crackdown, getting asylum was a difficult and time-consuming proposition. In 2017, only about 38 percent of asylum seekers in the U.S. were granted that status by the immigration court, according to data from the nonpartisan Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University.
The harsher federal policies, including detentions at the border, have generated anxiety and uncertainty among those seeking asylum and their advocates and immigration lawyers.
"Every day is a roller coaster," says Oakland attorney Haregu Gaime, who frequently refers her clients to the Highland clinic.
Niloufar Khonsari, executive director of Pangea Legal Services, a Bay Area legal advocacy group, says the obstacles won't deter people from seeking a safe place to live or from seeking judicial help to stay in the U.S.
When applicants are examined at the Highland clinic, Khonsari says, it "definitely makes a difference for judges."
Gaime says the clinic's reports frequently help corroborate her clients' experiences in a way that their testimony alone cannot.
"Sometimes a traumatized person is not able to relay what happened to them in a way that tells the full story," she says.
Ira Mehlman, spokesman for the Federation for American Immigration Reform, which favors stricter controls on immigration, notes that there are limits to a doctor's ability to interpret these cases. Doctors may be able to determine if somebody suffered an injury, he says, but not necessarily the circumstances that led to it. "And they can't determine if it was because of political persecution," he says.
Mehlman says there is no question that there is violence in Central America and that gangs are rampant, but the U.S. can't accept everyone who is danger.
On the same morning that Nelson sees Lopez Aguilar at Highland clinic, he also examines Gebremeskl Tefamicael, an asylum seeker from Eritrea. Nelson takes notes as he listens to Tefamicael's story of being conscripted into the military, then imprisoned and tortured.
Nelson asks Tefamicael exactly what his tormentors used to tie him up.
It was a rope made from tree bark, the patient responds, as Nelson writes in his notebook a description of the scars on Tefamicael's wrists.
Afterward, Nelson's report for the court states that Tefamicael's physical scars and psychological state are consistent with the man's description of what happened to him.
Nelson says he got involved with the clinic because he wanted to treat people who were underserved. People fleeing their countries and seeking asylum here are "definitely one of the more needy, underserved and generally marginalized" communities, he says.
Often, Nelson doesn't hear until months or years later whether his patients have been granted asylum. But when the request is approved, he says, he sees a tremendous change in them.
Getting asylum doesn't take away the trauma, but it relieves these people of the fear of returning to a country where they are not safe, Nelson says.
"When someone who has got a real basis for an asylum claim gets granted, and you were part of demonstrating why that should be the case," he says, "that feels really good."
Kaiser Health News, a nonprofit news service, is an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation, and not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente. Anna Gorman is a senior correspondent at KHN, and based in Los Angeles.
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